Face+research

Leonardo Davinci's sketches of facial proportions

Some other's:

http://drawsketch.about.com/library/weekly/aa121202a.htm
 * Proportions of the Human Head ||
 * [[image:http://z.about.com/ width="1" height="1"]] ||
 * Drawing the Structure of the Head and Face ||
 * [[image:http://z.about.com/ width="1" height="6"]] ||
 * || [[image:http://z.about.com/d/drawsketch/1/0/Q/3/headproportion1.jpg width="100" height="139" align="left"]] || To draw the human head accurately, first become familiar with the basic proportions. Traditional rules of proportion show the face divided into six equal squares, two by three. The upper horizontal division is roughly at the 'third eye' level mid-forehead, the lower at the base of the nose. The eyes sit on the horizontal centre, the mouth on the centre of the lower third. ||  ||

HEY CLAIRE!! I ADDED THE STUFF HERE TO THE EMOTION RESEARCH PAGE

ANATOMY AND EMOTION

good ressource-->[]
 * Muscular anatomy is most directly related to facial expression as they underlie the expressions our face is physically able to make ([]--> detailed interactive diagrams of muscles in the face)
 * Neurological origin of expressions : The nerves that cause emotion are found in the brainstem amongst many other nuclei that manage automatic aspects of physiology and behavior, and emotion could be considered both. The most important nuclei for emotion are CN VII (or cranial nerve 7) and the facial nucleus, and CN V, the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (See images below). These motor neurons pass the electrical impulses of the brain to facial muscles, thus controlling expression.
 * Facial muscles (the thin striated muscles tissue under the skin in our face) are also called mimetic muscles (see the interesting article posted below about mimetic muscles and emotion) and are under the control of these nuclei in the brainstem.



Check this out:

Facial Action Coding System -create in 1976 by Wallace Friesen -common standard practice to systematically categorize emotions. Used particularly commonly amongst psychologists and animators. -Uses contraction and relaxation of muscles to classify emotions by putting them into an index of facial expressions. ( but not actual bi-mechanical information) -This system is so sensitive it can tell the difference between two different types of smile - insincere and voluntary versus sincere and involuntary. - This concept has extended to the use of technology and programing computers to be able to identify emotions (although not yet fully effective to date). Through this taxonomy system, a computer can quickly identify a FACS code and recognize an emotion. - Some applications would be to measure the pain experienced by patients who cannot express themselves adequately. - Some such softwares are Artnatomy and CANDIDE. []

Slightly off topic, but equally interesting: Mimetic Muscles, aesthetic surgery and emotion: []

Article about brain cells and their response to faces:

Amazing interactive face muscle identifier: []

Overveiew of how the brain works:(~4.5mins) []

Dry video on parts of the brain that are connected to expressing emotion: []

40sec clip about emotions generated in brain: []

-The facial nerve is composed of approximately 10,000 neurons, 7,000 of which are myelinated and innervate the nerves of facial expression []

Facial nerve (CN VII or 7) The facial nerve is composed of a large root that innervates facial muscles and a small root (known as the intermediate nerve) that contains sensory and autonomic fibers. From the facial nucleus in the pons, facial motor fibers enter the internal auditory meatus, pass through the temporal bone, exit the skull via the stylomastoid foramen, and fan out over each side of the face forward of the ear. fibers of the facial nerve are special visceral efferent; they innervate small muscles of the external ear, the platysma, the stapedius, the occipitofrontalis, the stylohyoid posterior belly of the digastric, the buccinator, and the muscles of facial expression. The intermediate nerve contains autonomic (parasympathetic) as well as general and special sensory fibers. Preganglionic autonomic fibers, classified as general visceral efferent, project from the superior salivatory nucleus in the pons. Exiting with the facial nerve, they pass to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) and to the submandibular ganglion by way of the chorda tympani nerve (another branch of the facial nerve, which joins the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve). Postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate nasal and palatine glands and the lacrimal gland, while those from the submandibular ganglion serve submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Among the sensory components of the intermediate nerve, general somatic afferent fibers relay sensation from the caudal surface of the ear, while special visceral afferent fibers originate from taste buds in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, course in the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve, and then join the facial nerve via the chorda tympani branch. Both somatic and visceral afferent fibers have cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion, which is located on the facial nerve as it passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone. Injury to the facial nerve at the brain stem produces a paralysis of facial muscles known as {bells_palsy} Bell's palsy as well as a loss of taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. If damage occurs at the stylomastoid foramen, facial muscles will be paralyzed but taste will be intact. []
 * the cranial nerves:**

CN 7: CN 5:
 * facial nerve** is the seventh (VII) of twelve paired [|cranial nerves]. It emerges from the brainstem between the [|pons] and the [|medulla], and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of [|taste] sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the [|tongue] and oral cavity. It also supplies preganglionic [|parasympathetic] fibers to several head and neck [|ganglia].
 * Trigeminal nerve** (the **fifth [|cranial nerve]**, also called the **fifth nerve**, or simply **CNV** or **CN5**) is responsible for sensation in the face. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system.also has certain //motor// functions (biting, chewing, and swallowing).

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